The Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio (CIR) as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition

Gina L. Tripicchio; Alissa D. Smethers; Jessica J. Johnson; Jordan Olenginski; Diane M. O’Brien; Jennifer O. Fisher; Vitalina A. Nova; Sarah H. Nash

doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100281

Back

The Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio (CIR) as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

The Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio (CIR) as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition

Gina L. Tripicchio, Alissa D. Smethers, Jessica J. Johnson, Jordan Olenginski, Diane M. O’Brien, Jennifer O. Fisher, Vitalina A. Nova and Sarah H. Nash

Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), Vol.15(9), 100281

07/31/2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100281

PMCID: PMC11406090

PMID: 39094908

Files and links (1)

url

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100281View

Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Objective biomarkers of dietary intake are needed to advance nutrition research. The carbon stable isotope ratio (C13/C12; CIR) holds promise as an objective biomarker of added sugar (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. This systematic scoping review presents the current evidence on CIRs from human studies. Search results (through April 12, 2024) yielded 6,297 studies and 24 final articles. Studies were observational (n=12), controlled feeding (n=10), or dietary interventions (n=2). CIRs were sampled from blood (n=23), hair (n=5), breath (n= 2), and/or adipose tissue (n=1). Most (n=17) conducted whole tissue (i.e., bulk) analysis, eight used compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA), and/or two studies used methods appropriate for analyzing breath. Studies were conducted in three concentrated geographic regions of the U.S. (n=7 Virginia; n=5 Arizona; n=4 Alaska), with only two studies conducted in other countries. Studies that used CSIA to examine the CIR from the non-essential amino acid alanine (CIR-Ala; n=4) and CIR analyzed from breath (n=2) provided the most robust evidence for CIR as an objective biomarker of AS and SSBs (R2 range 0.36-0.91). Studies using bulk analysis of hair or blood showed positive, but modest and more variable associations with AS and SSBs (R2 range 0.05-0.48). Few studies showed no association, particularly in non-U.S. populations and those with low AS and SSB intakes. Two studies provided evidence for CIR to detect changes in SSB intake in response to dietary interventions. Overall, the most compelling evidence supports CIR-Ala as an objective indicator of AS intake and breath CIR as an indicator of short term AS intake. Considering how to adjust for underlying dietary patterns remains an important area of future work and emerging methods using breath and CSIA warrant additional investigation. More evidence is needed to refine the utility and specificity of CIRs to measure AS and SSB intake.

Added sugar

biomarker

dietary assessment

stable isotopes

sugar-sweetened beverages

Details

Title: Subtitle: The Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio (CIR) as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition
Creators: Gina L. Tripicchio - Temple University
Alissa D. Smethers - Temple University
Jessica J. Johnson - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Jordan Olenginski - Temple University
Diane M. O’Brien - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Jennifer O. Fisher - Temple University
Vitalina A. Nova - University of Michigan
Sarah H. Nash - University of Iowa
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), Vol.15(9), 100281
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100281
PMID: 39094908
PMCID: PMC11406090
NLM abbreviation: Adv Nutr
ISSN: 2161-8313
eISSN: 2156-5376
Publisher: Elsevier Inc
Grant note: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: K01HL153783 NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: R01DC016616 National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH: P20GM103395 University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center: 3P30CA086862
Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) , National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under grant K01HL153783 (to GLT) , from the NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders under grant R01DC016616 (to JOF) , and through an Institutional Development Award from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under grant number P20GM103395 (to JJJ) . SHN is additionally support by the University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center (3P30CA086862) . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect fl ect the official fi cial views of the NIH. The funding agencies did not have substantive input on the research questions, methods, results, interpretation of the data, or involvement regarding the submission of the report for publication.
Language: English
Electronic publication date: 07/31/2024
Academic Unit: Epidemiology; Center for Social Science Innovation; Community and Behavioral Health
Record Identifier: 9984691556102771

Metrics

5 Record Views

6 Times Cited - Web of Science