Journal article
The Effect of Calcium plus Vitamin D on Risk for Invasive Cancer: Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Calcium Plus Vitamin D Randomized Clinical Trial
Nutrition and cancer, Vol.63(6), pp.827-841
08/01/2011
DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.594208
PMCID: PMC3403703
PMID: 21774589
Abstract
In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD), we examined the treatment effect on incidence and mortality for all invasive cancers. Postmenopausal women (N = 36,282) were randomized to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium with 400 IU vitamin D3 or placebo. Cox models estimated risk of cancer incidence and mortality. After 7.0 yr, 1,306 invasive cancers were diagnosed in the supplement and 1,333 in the placebo group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98; CI = 0.90, 1.05, unweighted P = 0.54]. Mortality did not differ between supplement (315, annualized% =.26) and placebo [(347, 0.28%; P = 0.17; HR = 0.90 (0.77, 1.05)]. Significant treatment interactions on incident cancer were found for family history of cancer, personal total intake of vitamin D, smoking, and Will dietary trial randomized group. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation did not reduce invasive cancer incidence or mortality. Supplementation lowered cancer risk in the Will healthy diet trial arm and in women without a first-degree relative with cancer. The interactions are only suggestive given multiple testing considerations. The low vitamin D dose provided, limited adherence, and lack of serum 25(OH)D values should be considered when interpreting these findings.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- The Effect of Calcium plus Vitamin D on Risk for Invasive Cancer: Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Calcium Plus Vitamin D Randomized Clinical Trial
- Creators
- Robert L. Brunner - University of Nevada, RenoJean Wactawski-Wende - Buffalo State UniversityBette J. Caan - Kaiser PermanenteBarbara B. Cochrane - University of WashingtonRowan T. Chlebowski - University of California, Los AngelesMargery L. S. Gass - N Amer Menopause Soc, Mayfield Hts, OH USAElizabeth T. Jacobs - Mel & Enid Zuckerman Coll Publ Hlth, Tucson, AZ USAAndrea Z. LaCroix - Fred Hutch Cancer CenterDorothy Lane - Stony Brook UniversityJoseph Larson - Fred Hutch Cancer CenterKaren L. Margolis - Regions HospitalAmy E. Millen - Buffalo State UniversityGloria E. Sarto - University of WisconsinMara Z. Vitolins - PHS/Department of Epidemiology and PreventionRobert B. Wallace - University of Iowa
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Nutrition and cancer, Vol.63(6), pp.827-841
- DOI
- 10.1080/01635581.2011.594208
- PMID
- 21774589
- PMCID
- PMC3403703
- NLM abbreviation
- Nutr Cancer
- ISSN
- 0163-5581
- eISSN
- 1532-7914
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Number of pages
- 15
- Grant note
- AstraZeneca Novartis National Institutes of Health; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA Amgen National Cancer Institute of Canada; Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) Wyeth N01WH22110; 24152; 32100-2; 32105-6; 32108-9; 32111-13; 32115; 32118-19; 32122; 42107-26; 42129-32; 44221 / National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI) N01WH042115 / WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE - OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR NIH; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 08/01/2011
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology; Injury Prevention Research Center; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984363628402771
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