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The Staphylococcus aureus Global Regulator MgrA Modulates Clumping and Virulence by Controlling Surface Protein Expression
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

The Staphylococcus aureus Global Regulator MgrA Modulates Clumping and Virulence by Controlling Surface Protein Expression

Heidi A Crosby, Patrick M Schlievert, Joseph A Merriman, Jessica M King, Wilmara Salgado-Pabón and Alexander R Horswill
PLoS pathogens, Vol.12(5), pp.e1005604-e1005604
05/2016
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005604
PMCID: PMC4856396
PMID: 27144398
url
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005604View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal and opportunistic pathogen that causes devastating infections in a wide range of locations within the body. One of the defining characteristics of S. aureus is its ability to form clumps in the presence of soluble fibrinogen, which likely has a protective benefit and facilitates adhesion to host tissue. We have previously shown that the ArlRS two-component regulatory system controls clumping, in part by repressing production of the large surface protein Ebh. In this work we show that ArlRS does not directly regulate Ebh, but instead ArlRS activates expression of the global regulator MgrA. Strains lacking mgrA fail to clump in the presence of fibrinogen, and clumping can be restored to an arlRS mutant by overexpressing either arlRS or mgrA, indicating that ArlRS and MgrA constitute a regulatory pathway. We used RNA-seq to show that MgrA represses ebh, as well as seven cell wall-associated proteins (SraP, Spa, FnbB, SasG, SasC, FmtB, and SdrD). EMSA analysis showed that MgrA directly represses expression of ebh and sraP. Clumping can be restored to an mgrA mutant by deleting the genes for Ebh, SraP and SasG, suggesting that increased expression of these proteins blocks clumping by steric hindrance. We show that mgrA mutants are less virulent in a rabbit model of endocarditis, and virulence can be partially restored by deleting the genes for the surface proteins ebh, sraP, and sasG. While mgrA mutants are unable to clump, they are known to have enhanced biofilm capacity. We demonstrate that this increase in biofilm formation is partially due to up-regulation of SasG, a surface protein known to promote intercellular interactions. These results confirm that ArlRS and MgrA constitute a regulatory cascade, and that they control expression of a number of genes important for virulence, including those for eight large surface proteins.
Protein Kinases - metabolism Rabbits Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Staphylococcus aureus - pathogenicity Blotting, Western Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - physiology Gene Knockdown Techniques Membrane Proteins - biosynthesis Animals Polymerase Chain Reaction Virulence - physiology Bacterial Proteins - metabolism Virulence Factors - metabolism Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Microscopy, Fluorescence Disease Models, Animal Staphylococcal Infections - metabolism

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