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The pathways of interoceptive awareness
Journal article   Peer reviewed

The pathways of interoceptive awareness

Sahib S Khalsa, David Rudrauf, Justin S Feinstein and Daniel Tranel
Nature neuroscience, Vol.12(12), pp.1494-1496
11/01/2009
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2411
PMCID: PMC2787640
PMID: 19881506

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Abstract

A network of cortical brain regions, including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been proposed as the critical and sole substrate for interoceptive awareness. Combining lesion and pharmacological approaches in humans, we found that the insula and ACC were not critical for awareness of heartbeat sensations. Instead, this awareness was mediated by both somatosensory afferents from the skin and a network that included the insula and ACC. Together, these pathways enable the core human experience of the cardiovascular state of the body.

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