Thiamin and Riboflavin in Human Milk: Effects of Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation and Stage of Lactation on Vitamer Secretion and Contributions to Total Vitamin Content

Daniela Hampel; Setareh Shahab-Ferdows; Linda S Adair; Margaret E Bentley; Valerie L Flax; Denise J Jamieson; Sascha R Ellington; Gerald Tegha; Charles S Chasela; Debbie Kamwendo; Lindsay H Allen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149479

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Thiamin and Riboflavin in Human Milk: Effects of Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation and Stage of Lactation on Vitamer Secretion and Contributions to Total Vitamin Content

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Thiamin and Riboflavin in Human Milk: Effects of Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation and Stage of Lactation on Vitamer Secretion and Contributions to Total Vitamin Content

Daniela Hampel, Setareh Shahab-Ferdows, Linda S Adair, Margaret E Bentley, Valerie L Flax, Denise J Jamieson, Sascha R Ellington, Gerald Tegha, Charles S Chasela, Debbie Kamwendo, …

PloS one, Vol.11(2), pp.e0149479-e0149479

02/17/2016

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149479

PMCID: PMC4757446

PMID: 26886782

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Abstract

While thiamin and riboflavin in breast milk have been analyzed for over 50 years, less attention has been given to the different forms of each vitamin. Thiamin-monophosphate (TMP) and free thiamin contribute to total thiamin content; flavin adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) and free riboflavin are the main contributors to total riboflavin. We analyzed milk collected at 2 (n = 258) or 6 (n = 104), and 24 weeks (n = 362) from HIV-infected Malawian mothers within the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals and Nutrition (BAN) study, randomly assigned at delivery to lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) or a control group, to investigate each vitamer's contribution to total milk vitamin content and the effects of supplementation on the different thiamin and riboflavin vitamers at early and later stages of lactation, and obtain insight into the transport and distribution of these vitamers in human milk. Thiamin vitamers were derivatized into thiochrome-esters and analyzed by high-performance liquid-chromatography-fluorescence-detection (HPLC-FLD). Riboflavin and FAD were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry (ULPC-MS/MS). Thiamin-pyrophosphate (TPP), identified here for the first time in breast milk, contributed 1.9-4.5% to total thiamin. Free thiamin increased significantly from 2/6 to 24 weeks regardless of treatment indicating an active transport of this vitamer in milk. LNS significantly increased TMP and free thiamin only at 2 weeks compared to the control: median 170 versus 151 μg/L (TMP), 13.3 versus 10.5 μg/L (free thiamin, p<0.05 for both, suggesting an up-regulated active mechanism for TMP and free thiamin accumulation at early stages of lactation. Free riboflavin was consistently and significantly increased with LNS (range: 14.8-19.6 μg/L (LNS) versus 5.0-7.4 μg/L (control), p<0.001), shifting FAD:riboflavin relative amounts from 92-94:6-8% to 85:15%, indicating a preferred secretion of the free form into breast milk. The continuous presence of FAD in breast milk suggests an active transport and secretion system for this vitamer or possibly formation of this co-enymatic form in the mammary gland.

Breast Feeding

Confidence Intervals

Dietary Supplements

Female

Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide - analysis

Humans

Lactation

Lipids - chemistry

Milk, Human - chemistry

Riboflavin - analysis

Thiamine - analysis

Thiamine Monophosphate - analysis

Thiamine Pyrophosphate - analysis

Vitamins

Details

Title: Subtitle: Thiamin and Riboflavin in Human Milk: Effects of Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation and Stage of Lactation on Vitamer Secretion and Contributions to Total Vitamin Content
Creators: Daniela Hampel - Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Setareh Shahab-Ferdows - Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Linda S Adair - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Margaret E Bentley - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Valerie L Flax - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Denise J Jamieson - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sascha R Ellington - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Gerald Tegha - UNC Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
Charles S Chasela - University of the Witwatersrand
Debbie Kamwendo - UNC Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
Lindsay H Allen - Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: PloS one, Vol.11(2), pp.e0149479-e0149479
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149479
PMID: 26886782
PMCID: PMC4757446
NLM abbreviation: PLoS One
ISSN: 1932-6203
eISSN: 1932-6203
Grant note: R24 TW00798 / FIC NIH HHS P2C HD050924 / NICHD NIH HHS P30 DK056350 / NIDDK NIH HHS SIP 26-04 U48-DP000059-01 / NCCDPHP CDC HHS U48DP001944 / ACL HHS P30-AI50410 / NIAID NIH HHS U48 DP000059 / NCCDPHP CDC HHS SIP 22-09 U48-DP001944-01 / NCCDPHP CDC HHS P30 ES010126 / NIEHS NIH HHS SIP 13-01 U48-CCU409660-09 / PHS HHS 2-D43 TW01039-06 / FIC NIH HHS P30 AI050410 / NIAID NIH HHS R24 HD050924 / NICHD NIH HHS
Language: English
Date published: 02/17/2016
Academic Unit: Obstetrics and Gynecology; VPMA - Administration
Record Identifier: 9984446540402771

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