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Tissue response, macrophage phenotype, and intrinsic calcification induced by cardiovascular biomaterials: Can clinical regenerative potential be predicted in a rat subcutaneous implant model?
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Tissue response, macrophage phenotype, and intrinsic calcification induced by cardiovascular biomaterials: Can clinical regenerative potential be predicted in a rat subcutaneous implant model?

Madeline Cramer, Jordan Chang, Hongshuai Li, Aurelie Serrero, Mohammed El-Kurdi, Martijn Cox, Frederick J Schoen and Stephen F Badylak
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A, Vol.110(2), pp.245-256
02/2022
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37280
PMCID: PMC8678182
PMID: 34323360
url
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8678182View
Open Access

Abstract

The host immune response to an implanted biomaterial, particularly the phenotype of infiltrating macrophages, is a key determinant of biocompatibility and downstream remodeling outcome. The present study used a subcutaneous rat model to compare the tissue response, including macrophage phenotype, remodeling potential, and calcification propensity of a biologic scaffold composed of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium (GF-BP), the standard of care for heart valve replacement, with those of an electrospun polycarbonate-based supramolecular polymer scaffold (ePC-UPy), urinary bladder extracellular matrix (UBM-ECM), and a polypropylene mesh (PP). The ePC-UPy and UBM-ECM materials induced infiltration of mononuclear cells throughout the thickness of the scaffold within 2 days and neovascularization at 14 days. GF-BP and PP elicited a balance of pro-inflammatory (M1-like) and anti-inflammatory (M2-like) macrophages, while UBM-ECM and ePC-UPy supported a dominant M2-like macrophage phenotype at all timepoints. Relative to GF-BP, ePC-UPy was markedly less susceptible to calcification for the 180 day duration of the study. UBM-ECM induced an archetypical constructive remodeling response dominated by M2-like macrophages and the PP caused a typical foreign body reaction dominated by M1-like macrophages. The results of this study highlight the divergent macrophage and host remodeling response to biomaterials with distinct physical and chemical properties and suggest that the rat subcutaneous implantation model can be used to predict in vivo biocompatibility and regenerative potential for clinical application of cardiovascular biomaterials.
Animals Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology Cattle Extracellular Matrix - chemistry Foreign-Body Reaction Macrophages Phenotype Rats Tissue Scaffolds - adverse effects Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry

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