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Trade, Tolerance, and Transformation: How Globalization Reshapes Gender Equality and Female Homicide Victimization
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Trade, Tolerance, and Transformation: How Globalization Reshapes Gender Equality and Female Homicide Victimization

Meghan L. Rogers and Kimberly A. Ingold
Justice quarterly, Vol.43(5), pp.1061-1083
08/2026
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2025.2595246

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Abstract

This study examines the relationship between gender equality and female homicide victimization by evaluating how changes in globalization within nations shape this association. Prior research suggests that the relationship evolves from backlash to amelioration over time, but we argue that globalization, rather than time itself, is the structural force driving this shift. Drawing on the doux commerce thesis and the civilizing process, we theorize that rising globalization fosters societal acceptance of gender equality and strengthens institutional capacity to protect women. Using fixed-effects panel models across 84 nations from 1991 to 2021, we assess linear and curvilinear effects of domain-specific gender equality and evaluate globalization's moderating role. Results show that within nations, increases in globalization significantly reshape gender norms and reduce female homicide victimization, supporting the claim that globalization accelerates the transition from backlash to amelioration. This study advances theory by offering a falsifiable mechanism for Whaley's temporal framework and new evidence on how global integration conditions gendered patterns of lethal violence.
 Social Sciences Criminology & Penology

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