Journal article
Transcranial magnetic stimulation with intracranial recording in humans and primates: a review
Brain (London, England : 1878), Vol.149(5), pp.1498-1513
05/2026
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaf439
PMCID: PMC13140498
PMID: 41252286
Abstract
Recent studies combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with intracranial micro-sEEG (µsEEG) or intracranial EEG (iEEG) have significantly advanced our understanding of neural circuits and the effects of exogenous stimulation upon them. These studies leverage the high spatial and temporal resolution of µsEEG and iEEG to illuminate the multifaceted and dynamic aspects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-associated neural modulation. This review focuses on TMS-µsEEG TMS-iEEG studies in non-human primates and humans. A systematic search of three major databases identified seven non-human primate and six human studies that employed single-pulse (spTMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols while measuring intracranial neural activity. TMS effects range from a direct influence on neurons near the stimulation site, to remote effects in regions not directly stimulated, and finally to broader modulation of brain network interactions. Effects such as single-unit excitation are observed as early as 2 milliseconds after a single TMS pulse, while changes in time-frequency spectra may persist for up to 40 minutes after a rTMS protocol such as intermittent theta burst stimulation. Additionally, this review addresses the methodological and safety considerations critical for conducting TMS-µsEEG and TMS-iEEG studies in both non-human primate and human subjects. This review demonstrates the flexibility of the TMS-µsEEG and TMS-iEEG models for investigating the spatial distribution of TMS-evoked responses, the electrophysiological correlates of TMS-induced modulation, dynamic TMS-induced changes in network activity, and the neural correlates that accompany TMS-induced behavioral change. Taken collectively, this review underscores the considerable potential of the TMS-µsEEG and TMS-iEEG models for advancing our understanding of brain stimulation as it relates to brain connectivity and function and identifies key areas for future research.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation with intracranial recording in humans and primates: a review
- Creators
- Eric W Tsang - University of Nebraska Medical CenterJoshua R Tatz - University of IowaUmair Hassan - Stanford UniversityJoel I Berger - University of Iowa Hospitals and ClinicsAaron D Boes - University of IowaCorey J Keller - Stanford UniversitySimone Russo - University of MilanPeter Kaskan - Albert Einstein College of MedicineJing Jiang - University of IowaNicholas T Trapp - University of Iowa
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Brain (London, England : 1878), Vol.149(5), pp.1498-1513
- DOI
- 10.1093/brain/awaf439
- PMID
- 41252286
- PMCID
- PMC13140498
- NLM abbreviation
- Brain
- ISSN
- 0006-8950
- eISSN
- 1460-2156
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Grant note
- Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation Brain and Behavior Research Foundation: 29441, 1R01MH132074, 1R01MH139650, 31275, 32270 Paul Penningroth National Institute of Mental Health: R01MH136197, 1K23MH125145, R01MH125160, R01MH132074 National Institutes of Health: R01MH136197
E.W.T. and J.R.T. are supported by the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation Fellowship. J.J. is supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01MH136197) and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator grant (29441). A.D.B. and N.T.T. were supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH132074 and 1R01MH139650). N.T.T. is supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (1K23MH125145, R01MH125160, R01MH136197), and two Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator Grants (31275 and 32270), as well as the Dr. R. Paul and Terry L. Penningroth Family Fellowship in Interventional Psychiatry.
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 11/18/2025
- Date published
- 05/2026
- Academic Unit
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering; Neurology; Psychiatry; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa Neuroscience Institute; Neurology (Pediatrics); Neurosurgery; Health, Sport, and Human Physiology
- Record Identifier
- 9985033848702771
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