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Early Exploration of the Scientific Discovery Space for the Habitable Worlds Observatory
Preprint   Open access

Early Exploration of the Scientific Discovery Space for the Habitable Worlds Observatory

Courtney D Dressing, Danica Adams, Evelyne Alecian, Gagandeep Anand, Giada Arney, Sarah Gomes Aroucha Barbosa, Martin Barstow, Joanna K Barstow, Rachael L Beaton, Eduardo Bendek, …
arXiv
arXiv
08/11/2026
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2608.11294
url
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.11294View
Preprint (Author's original) This article has now been published in a journal and has been peer-reviewed by subject experts. This version may differ significantly from the preprint version. Open Access

Abstract

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is a future NASA flagship mission concept identified by the Astro2020 Decadal Survey as the highest priority for large space missions. HWO should conduct "transformative astrophysics" and search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of approximately 25 potentially Earth-like planets. To further the early-stage development of HWO, NASA formed the Science, Technology, Architecture Review Team (START). In turn, START invited the scientific community to join working groups to explore the potential discovery space. In this paper, we present 70 science cases that resulted from this process. The cases address four scientific pillars: growth of galaxies (15 cases), evolution of the elements (13 cases), solar systems in context (32 cases), and living worlds (10 cases). Combined, they would address 27 of the 30 science questions and discovery areas identified by Astro2020. The 140 observing programs needed for the 70 investigations encompass a rich variety of spectroscopic (for 87% of science cases) and photometric (for 30%) observations extending from the UV to the NIR. Additionally, high-contrast and polarimetric capabilities would be needed for 34% and 27% of science cases, respectively. Access to UV wavelengths is critical: 83% of science cases need data at wavelengths <400 nm, and 26% extend to <100 nm. In the NIR, 26% of science cases need observations at wavelengths >=2000 nm. Pursuing the full portfolio of science would also necessitate precise astrometry for planet mass measurement, rapid response capabilities, a large instantaneous field of regard, non-sidereal tracking, saturation mitigation strategies, and high dynamic range.
Physics - Astrophysics of Galaxies Physics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Physics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Physics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

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