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HOMEOSTATIC COUPLING OF CORTICAL AND BRAINSTEM DELTA RHYTHMS IN SLEEPING INFANT RATS
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HOMEOSTATIC COUPLING OF CORTICAL AND BRAINSTEM DELTA RHYTHMS IN SLEEPING INFANT RATS

Midha Ahmad, Greta Sokoloff and Mark S. Blumberg
bioRxiv
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Preprints
05/13/2026
DOI: 10.64898/2026.05.11.724416
PMCID: PMC13192787
PMID: 42182335
url
https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.11.724416View
Preprint (Author's original) This preprint has not been evaluated by subject experts through peer review. Preprints may undergo extensive changes and/or become peer-reviewed journal articles. Open Access

Abstract

The emergence of the cortical delta rhythm (1-4 Hz) during quiet sleep (QS) is a major milestone in brain development. In rats, this milestone is achieved between 8 and 12 days of postnatal (P) age. We previously reported an age-dependent increase in PZ delta-rhythmic activity that is synchronized with cortical delta and entrained by breathing. Here, we ask whether this long-distance synchrony persists in response to perturbations to sleep homeostasis or respiration. First, using male and female P12 rats, we investigated the coupling strength between frontal cortex and PZ in response to a short but intense period of sleep deprivation. During recovery sleep, we observed a rebound in delta power in both PZ and cortex, even in the absence of increased QS duration, indicating that PZ and cortical delta power are equivalent markers of homeostatic sleep regulation. Analyses of phase-locking and lagged cross-correlation revealed persistent temporal coupling between the two rhythms such that cortical delta reliably lagged PZ delta regardless of changes in sleep pressure. Curiously, we also observed an increase in breathing depth during recovery sleep, which we confirmed in a separate cohort of pups. Next, using mild hypercapnia (5% CO 2 ) to alter breathing frequency and depth, we produced decreases in cortical and PZ delta power along with decreases in the depth of breathing. These findings provide additional support for the notion that PZ and cortical delta rhythms function as distantly interconnected components within a developmentally emerging sleep-homeostatic system that is also intimately tied with the brainstem respiratory network.

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