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Laterality and Completeness Patterns of Nonsyndromic Clefts in a Multiethnic Cohort
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Laterality and Completeness Patterns of Nonsyndromic Clefts in a Multiethnic Cohort

Christina Spencer, Ligiane A Machado-Paula, Fang Qian, Azeez Butali, Carmen J Buxo-Martinez, Carmencita D Padilla, Claudia Restrepo-Muneton, Consuelo Valencia-Ramirez, Ross E Long, Seth M Weinberg, …
medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
12/29/2025
DOI: 10.64898/2025.12.29.25343144
PMCID: PMC12772681
PMID: 41503463
url
https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.29.25343144View
Preprint (Author's original)This preprint has not been evaluated by subject experts through peer review. Preprints may undergo extensive changes and/or become peer-reviewed journal articles. Open Access

Abstract

Orofacial clefts may involve the complete vertical thickness of the lip (complete) or partial thickness (incomplete). This study evaluates side preference for completeness in nonsyndromic asymmetric bilateral and unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). We studied 4 multiethnic cohorts from North and South America, Asia, and Africa, including 3,561 individuals with NSCL/P. Associations between cleft completeness, sex, ethnicity, and race were assessed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test (α=0.05). Patients with NSCL/P with complete information on cleft type and completeness were included. Our main goal was to analyze side preference of complete clefting in different demographic groups, sex and race. Amongst asymmetric bilateral cases, left side completeness was significantly more frequent than the right side (73.7% vs. 26.3%; p<0.001). No associations observed for sex or race with ethnicity showing a trend toward significance (50.0% vs. 25.5%; p=0.088). Amongst symmetric bilateral and unilateral cases, Hispanics exhibited completeness more frequently than non-Hispanics (96.4% vs 89.5%; p<0.001; 84.1% vs. 79.7%; p<0.001). For unilateral cases, completeness showed no side preference. Caucasians were less likely to exhibit complete clefts compared to Asians, Blacks, or other racial groups (68.7% vs 84.9% or 81.2% or 81.7%; p<0.001). Females more frequently presented with completeness than males (81.2% vs 76.6%; p=0.003). In NSCL/P with bilateral asymmetry, the left side is more often complete than the right side. Although unilateral left-sided clefts are more common overall, completeness shows no side preference. Race and ethnicity demonstrate significant associations with cleft severity patterns.
 LAHSHAL Completeness Cleft Severity Unilateral Cleft Lip Asymmetric Cleft Cleft Lip and Palate Laterality Bilateral Cleft

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